The clothes lying on the floor belong to me. © www.grammarwiz.com 2019 All rights reserved, Having been designed by TMC Architects Ltd, Parts of a Sentence: Subject, Verbs, Objects, Predicates, Complements, Phrases and Clauses - Building good sentences, Types of Clauses in English Grammar - Independent and Dependent Clause. We use: who and whom for people; which for things; that for people or things. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause. Share Flipboard Email Reduced Relative Clauses. As the grammatically correct reduction of relative clauses is quite a difficult skill, it is something the examiner in the IELTS test will look out for when awarding a band 7 and above for grammatical range and accuracy. * My friends who were living in dorms had a very hard time. You may delete the relative pronoun (who, that, which) and the “ be ” verb when: 1. they are followed by a prepositional phrase. (a) and (b) have the same meaning. Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. We also use relative clauses to give more information about a person, thing or situation:. Note: In non-defining sentences you neither omit the relative pronoun nor use "that". The books on the desk are mine. A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause introduced by a relative pronoun. The other people in the group get to guess who it is and whoever guesses it correctly gets to keep the paper. Be a detective! I'm Seonaid and I hope you like the website. They are also known as reduced adjective clauses. It is used for repeated events, general facts, and with…. John's mother, who lives in Scotland, has 6 grandchildren. Reduced relative clauses 1. Two variables included in the IPUMS dataset (reduced clause; full form: which are included) are educational attainment, representing the current (or completed) level of education of every person in the household, and the variable indicating the number of people in each household. A relative clause is also known as an adjective clause. Another form of reduced relative clause is the "reduced object passive relative clause", a type of nonfinite clause headed by a past participle, such as the clause found here in Phrases and clauses are the key building blocks of sentences. Relative Clause. The main parts of a sentence are subjects, verbs, objects, predicates, and subject complements. She has never met the lecturer leading today’s seminar. The boy who / whom / that you don’t like much wants to talk to you. The men that are working on the project come from India. This is a clause that generally modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose).A relative clause connects ideas by using pronouns that relate to something previously mentioned and allows the writer to combine two independent clauses into one sentence. Review the rules on relative clauses and you'll be able to do this as well. A clause contains a subject and a verb and can express a complete thought. "The man [that I saw him yesterday] went home". Reduced Relative Clauses You may delete the relative pronoun and the be verb when: 1. they are followed by a prepositional phrase. 4. Relative clauses. We've been looking at present and past participle phrases, but it should also be noted that we can in cases reduce relative clauses with just a past particle. These type of clauses give essential information about a thing or person. Reducing relative clauses is difficult to understand. You then have a continuous passive participle phrase. Reduced relative clauses. Reduced Relative Clauses Relative clauses add additional information about a noun in a sentence. Sign-up for Free Grammar Tips into your Inbox! Relative clauses in English - grammar exercises. Relative clauses in advanced English are clauses that begin with the following relative pronouns. (A reduced relative clause, in this case passivized. 1. The man who is in the house is my father. The newspaper first reporting the incident is being sued. Download this guide as a PDF; Return to all guides . PHRASE: The woman wearing a red skirt looks beautiful. B. It takes lots of practice, so make sure to write down what you learn as you learn online. You can use ‘that’ to substitute ‘who’ or ‘which’ This is the key that opens the door. (d) PHRASE: The boy playing the piano is Ben. The present simple tense varies it's form depending on whether it is being used with the third person singular, other verbs, or the verb to be. Use either as a poster for 'say the word' or as cards for 'taboo' and 'karuta' Christmas Points Game . Get more Perfect English Grammar with our courses. Sign up for free grammar tips, quizzes and lessons, straight into your inbox. They get 1 point and then is the next person who chooses a random paper and gives hints. If the clause in the passive perfect tense (present or past), then 'have' or 'had' is replaced by 'having'. Election USA. adjectival clause). A phrase does not contain a subject or verb. All of these have a specific purpose within the structure of a sentence. (A complementizer linking the two sentences with a resumptive pronoun indicating the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause, as in Arabic, Hebrew or Persian.) They may add meaning, but if they are removed, the sentence will still function grammatically. * People who litter will have to pay a fine. (Everybody knows where London is, so 'which has some fantastic parks' is extra information). Although it is not possible to omit the relative pronoun in the subject relative clauses that we have just looked at, we can, if we want, omit an even larger piece of the relative clause and still retain a grammatically acceptable sentence. A reduced relative clause is a relative clause with the relative pronoun and the verb “be” omitted. or "...whom I saw." I can’t find my notebook containing all my addresses. Another variant, the REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSE, has no relative pronoun, and the verb is nonfinite: The man [living beside us] is ill (Compare: The man [who lives beside us]...) Nominal Relative Clauses. The men working on the project come from India. Types of Reduced Relative Clauses Present Participle Phrases. CLAUSE: The poems which were written by Shakespeare are difficult to understand. The adjective clause in (a) can be reduced to the adjective phrase in (b). 1G. If the verb is in the active voice, it gets reduced to a present participle phrase . Reduced relative clauses have also been used in studies of second-language acquisition, to compare how native speakers handled reduced relatives and how non-native speakers handle them. We had fish and chips, which I always enjoy. A. Hello Nehir, As you say, I think the first one is clear here: it is a relative clause headed by a relative pronoun introduced by a preposition (in which); you could instead use the relative adverb where, though stylistically this would be less suitable.The second example is also a relative clause, but is reduced. Please contact me if you have any questions or comments. It will help you learn the forms! Who doesn't love card games? A reduced relative clause, however, tells us something about a noun (phrase) - in your example the people, not an action - so 'having been' wouldn't make a lot of sense here. If it is a negative, then you place 'not' at the beginning of the participle phrase. • The young man is a pilot. Commas or parentheses are always used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentence. It is important to distinguish between them because it affects the choice of pronoun used to introduce the clause. The building that is across from Robinson Hall A is the Fenwick Library.. In the following sentence, the book is in the object position in both simple sentences. (A reduced relative clause, in this case passivized. REDUCED RELATIVE CLAUSES 2. This is a perfect passive particle phrase: Again, if the  non-defining participle phrase refers to the subject of the independent clause, the phrase may be placed either immediately before or after the subject of that independent clause: In the case of the perfect tenses, you can choose either a present or past participle, depending on what you wish to emphasise in the sentence. Relative clauses usually modify a noun or noun phrase in the sentence as in this example, where the word 'table' is being modified: In this reduced clause, 'that' is no longer used: However, it is not always just a matter of omitting the relative pronoun. Relative clauses: defining and non-defining - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary The natural sentence would be - The people laid off are all over 60 Remember in a reduced relative clause clause you have removed the pronoun and the auxiliary verb. We can't drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. This is the house which Jack built. (A complementizer linking the two sentences with a resumptive pronoun indicating the role of the shared noun in the embedded clause, as in Arabic, Hebrew or Persian.) If it is a negative sentence, then we use 'not' at the beginning of the participle phrase. The books that are on the desk are mine. My friends living in dorms had a very hard time. Relative clauses don’t have to describe the subject of a main clause. The tall man standing by the bar is my uncle. Sample usage from the article: ... 2. the main verb in the relative clause is progressive. Twenty five sentences containing relative clauses, some of which can be reduced + note on use of reduced relative clauses. A. Relative clauses are generally introduced by a relative pronoun, such as who, or which. If "To be" verb is used after a relative pronoun we can omit "Relative Pronoun + To be". Welcome! In this case we can move the past participle to before the modified noun. Share Your Results. A picture to use for making reduced relative clause questions/sentences (ex. Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired. we shorten it by omitting the pronoun and verb. However, there is equilibrium everywhere: in sentences that have subject relative clauses, you can’t omit the relative pronoun, but you can reduce clauses to phrases. Choose the correct options to complete the sentences. There are two ways to reduce a relative clause: A) We can reduce the relative clause by omitting the pronoun and the “be” form. Reduced relative clauses 1. We don't need this information to understand the sentence. (Clause … It's possible to reduce a relative clause by simply using the prepositional phrase used in a relative clause with 'be'. Using the examples from above, we can say: I can’t find my notebook containing all my addresses. Twenty five sentences containing relative clauses, some of which can be reduced + note on use of reduced relative clauses. … Here’s an example: The car that is on sale in Germany costs $20,000. Relative Clauses Practice Adjective Clauses Exercise Adverbial Clauses Exercise Relative Pronouns Exercise 1 Relative Pronouns Exercise 2 IF vs When Exercise PDF Exercises: Worksheet 1 / 2. A reduced relative clause, however, tells us something about a noun (phrase) - in your example the people, not an action - so 'having been' wouldn't make a lot of sense here. We often ‘reduce’ a relative clause, i.e. 2. Reduced Relative Clauses. Simple powerpoint to review material with a christmas theme. The man in the house is my father. The clothes that are lying on the floor belong to me. Reduced relative clauses are mainly created through the use of: if the relative pronoun is the subject of the relative clause, then the clause can be reduced to a present participle (verb + ing) phase or past participle (verb + ed) phrase. This lesson explains the forms of the affirmative, negative and questions words. 2. the main verb in the relative clause is progressive. What is the name of that boy who just walked in? One possibility in English.) Although it is not possible to omit the relative pronoun in the subject relative clauses that we have just looked at, we can, if we want, omit an even larger piece of the relative clause and still retain a grammatically acceptable sentence. Reduced relative clause: The Viking: I saw: was humongous. A relative clause is placed after the noun that it modifies. They are introduced by a relative pronoun like 'that', 'which', 'who', 'whose', 'where' and 'when'. Then, they give hints about the paper to the rest of their group, preferably using relative clauses or reduced relative clauses. Tenses – English Tenses Tests category includes free online quizzes on verb tenses: simple, past, future tenses, mixed tenses tests consisting of multiple choice questions with answers. However, in other book, I see that it is very common using reduced relative clauses For example, The invitation,which was sent … Welcome to Perfect English Grammar! The scouts in my school were sure to visit the flooded town, the condition ---- was not known. 7. (e) CLAUSE: The boy (whom) I saw was Tom. In defining clauses, we can omit the relative pronoun in the position of object. With this kind of relative clause, we use commas (,) to separate it from the rest of the sentence. Reduced relative clauses. You can tell that a clause is non-defining because it is separated by commas at each end of the clause. This is the key which opens the door. We can formulate effective descriptive clauses for nouns which act in different positions of a sentence. These type of clauses give essential information about a thing or person. Reduced Relative Clauses Reduced relative clauses exercise adapted from Life by National Geographic ID: 21250 Language: English School subject: English as a Second Language (ESL) Grade/level: Upper Intermediate / Advanced Age: 12+ Main content: Relative clauses Other contents: TOEFL grammar Most of the clauses are introduced by a relative pronoun who, which, where, whose, when and that. B. I saw the book. Reduction of Relative Clauses Prepared by Rebecca Soble 2. 3. Relative Clauses – Relative Clauses (Adjective Clauses) Tests category includes free online quizzes on relative clauses (adjective clauses) tests consisting of multiple choice questions with answers. They get 1 point and then is the next person who chooses a random paper and gives hints. we shorten it by omitting the pronoun and verb. Uno Cards. So we end up with 'having + been' to make the reduced relative clause. Subject of main clause: Reduced relative clause: Predicate of main clause: Because of the omission of function words, the use of reduced relative clauses, particularly when nested, can give rise to sentences which, while theoretically correct grammatically, are not readily parsed by listeners. The boy had the book. (f) PHRASE : -Only adjective clauses that have a subject pronoun – who, which, that – are reduced to modifying adjective phrases. Note: In passive sentences or when the verb “to be” is the main verb of the sentence, we can omit the subject and be. Reduced relative clauses. You should read this post of mine first:— Relative clauses at a glance. Adjective clauses exercises advanced level esl. In one book it is written that in non-defining relative clauses, you can't omit relative pronoun. Reduced relative clauses 1. One possibility in English.) • I would rather you carried the box that is heavy. I live in London, which has some fantastic parks. Explain the Culture. The topic is Non-Defining Relative Clauses. 3. the main verb in the relative clause is passive. Analyze the following sentences to determine the rules for reducing relative clauses. If the relative pronoun is followed by a prepositional phrase, then this can be reduced. Compare how a full clause can be changed to a reduced clause. A. Practice the "reduced relative clause" (ex: "an animal found in Japan") by quizzing your students. 2. For example, the sentence “the laptop that is on the desk” can be simplified to “the laptop on the desk” to make the relative clause a reduced relative clause. Reduced Relative Clauses. The car which … A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. Non-defining relative clauses are more often used in written English than in spoken English. Relative clauses in English - grammar exercises. Although it is not possible to omit the relative pronoun in the subject relative clauses that we have just looked at, we can, if we want, omit an even larger piece of the relative clause and still retain a grammatically acceptable sentence. This is a clause that generally modifies a noun or a noun phrase and is often introduced by a relative pronoun (which, that, who, whom, whose).A relative clause connects ideas by using pronouns that relate to something previously mentioned and allows the writer to combine two independent clauses into one sentence. If it is in the passive voice but is a continuous tense verb (present or past), then you delete the connecting word and 'to be', leaving you with 'being + past participle'. Using the examples from above, we can say: 1. • The man who is young is a pilot. We can do this with a participle phrase: Marilyn was the woman living in the flat underneath us at the time (= … who lived/was living in …) The clauses struck out of the agreement were all unimportant. FOR EXAMPLE: CLAUSE: The woman who is wearing a red skirt looks beautiful. How to Use a Relative Clause. The building across from Robinson Hall A is the Fenwick Library.. A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun or complementizer such as who, which or that. Participle Clauses Exercise 1 (Reduced Relative Clauses) Review participle clauses here. However, reduced relative clauses in the form of present and past participle phrases is seen as a higher level skill. Thi… Using Reduced Relative Clauses to Write Concisely. Non-defining relative clauses are composed of a relative pronoun, a verb, and optional other elements such as the subject or object of the verb. You may delete the relative pronoun and the be verb when: 1. they are followed by a prepositional phrase. Relative clauses are non-essential parts of a sentence. The car on sale in Germany costs $20,000. "The man [that him I saw yesterday] went home". A variation on Battle for Japan. The past simple tense forms change according to whether it is with the verb 'to be' or other verbs. present simple, past simple, present continuous, present perfect etc. Examples. If you do not wish to emphasise in the particle phrase the prior completion of the activity, then it is more common to use the present participle. Download this quiz in PDF here. 1. When he was a little boy, he was very naughty. You use ‘whose’ for possesive clauses. 1G. Free to download and use in the classroom. However, the relative pronoun may be ellipted: The video [you recommended] was terrific. To do this you delete the relative pronoun and any auxiliary verbs if there are any, and use the present participle of the main verb. Sitemap, Gap Filling Exercise (Intermediate Level). We can do this if the sentence has the verb 'to be' or 'to have' and only a past participle. There are two broad types of relative clauses in English. There are two kinds of relative clause: 1. An example is the clause I saw in the English sentence This is the man I saw.. Unreduced forms of this relative clause would be This is the man that I saw. Reduced relative clauses are shortened versions of relative clauses. The other people in the group get to guess who it is and whoever guesses it correctly gets to keep the paper. There are different reduced relative clause rules depending on the sentence involved. This Parallel Structure Quiz is a multiple choice test where you need to decide in which of the two sentences the rules on parallelism are correct. Need more practice? Here the clause ‘who just walked in’ is an example of a relative clause. This is the key which opens the door. Participle Clauses 2 Make a reduced relative clause. I met Rebecca in town yesterday, which was a nice surprise. Relative clauses tell us more about people and things: Lord Thompson, who is 76, has just retired. The boy you don’t like much wants to talk to you. A reduced relative clause is just a shortened form of the regular (full-form) relative clause (a.k.a. One test would be to put them back - The people … 1a. In this case 'have' is omitted and the main verb of the relative clause is changed to the present participle. Reduced relative clauses. Relative Clause. The man swimming in the lake is my father. Relative clauses: defining and non-defining - English Grammar Today - a reference to written and spoken English grammar and usage - Cambridge Dictionary Non-defining relative clauses: We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to a person. Though informative, the clauses are often wordy. Adjective clauses exercises advanced level esl. A reduced relative clause is a relative clause that is not marked by an explicit relative pronoun or complementizer such as who, which or that. Reduced Relative Clauses When Instead of when + clause, we can use on/upon + V ing When Sandra graduated from university, she applied for a job. You will then have formed a perfect active participle phrase: So in the above example, it emphasised that the hard studying took place before the best results. If the relative clause has only an adjective and the verb to be within it, then the adjective can be placed before the noun, and the relative pronoun (and verb 'to be') can be deleted: If there is a verb other than the verb to be (usually sense verbs such as smell, look, feel, sound etc), then we reduce it to an adjective phrase: Reduced relative clauses can be used to make your writing more concise, so it is common to use them within formal or academic writing, though they can appear in any style of writing. The two sentences above have completely identical meaning, but the number of words to express the same idea is different. A relative clause can be used to give additional information about a noun. 3. On/upon graduating from university, she applied for a job. (c) CLAUSE : The boy who is playing the piano is Ben. Any active tense can be changed to a present participle phrase e.g. "The man [that I saw him yesterday] went home". • The policeman who is angry is arresting the criminal who is stupid. So in the case of this sentence, 'having finally voted' refers to the MPs in the independent clause (MPs are leaving parliament), so it can be placed in two positions: If the relative clause is in the passive voice and in a simple tense, then it can be reduced by deleting the relative pronoun and the verb 'to be', leaving you with the past participle. A. Unreduced forms of this relative clause would be "This is the man that I saw." Using the examples from above, we can say: I can't find my notebook containing all my addresses. Reduced relative clauses. A relative clause is also known as an adjective clause. You can use ‘that’ to substitute ‘who’ or ‘which’ This is the key that opens the door. Any questions or comments about the grammar discussed on this page? This is the main distinction. The two types of clauses in English grammar are the independent and dependent clause. We can do this by omitting the subject pronoun and the form of “to be” that follows it. Relative Clause Reduction Rules 1. The man who is swimming in the lake is my father. who; whom; whose; that; which; what; Defining Relative clauses. People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones. People littering will have to pay a fine. Free to download and use in the classroom. If the verb is in the active voice, it gets reduced to a present participle phrase. The natural sentence would be - The people laid off are all over 60 Remember in a reduced relative clause clause you have removed the pronoun and the auxiliary verb. It modifies the noun boy. Two kinds of relative clause. Then, they give hints about the paper to the rest of their group, preferably using relative clauses or reduced relative clauses. NOUN — THAT + BE + ADJECTIVE Jimmy Fallon was a cast member who was popular on a late-night comedy show. Note though that this will NOT include reducing relative clauses to propositional phrases, adjective phrases, or adjectives because when you do this you are creating a more simple sentence. Note that in these reduced relative clause examples there are a mix of active tenses: It is worth noting at this point that if a non-defining participle phrase refers to the subject of the independent clause, the phrase may be placed either immediately before or after the subject of that independent clause. People given a second chance should be more careful . Marie Curie is the woman that discovered radium. 2. We often ‘reduce’ a relative clause, i.e. We can do this with a participle phrase: Marilyn was the woman living in the flat underneath us at the time (= … who lived/was living in …) The clauses struck out of the agreement were all unimportant. If you wish to emphasise the prior completion of the activity in the participle phrase, 'have' is changed to 'having', leaving you with 'having + past participle'. Any... Past Participle Phrases. An example is the clause I saw in the English sentence "This is the man I saw." Both have a subject and verb which makes them clauses, but while independent clauses express a complete thought, dependent clauses do not. Reduction of Relative Clauses Prepared by Rebecca Soble 2. Defining Relative clauses. 2. Can you correct these 14 basic grammar mistakes. * People who are given a second chance should be more careful. That’s … Where is the man wrestling a shark?) Restrictive Relative Clause. These sentences all need a passive clause. The clauses are more often used in a relative clause, in this case passivized my notebook all! English are clauses that begin with the following sentence, then you place 'not at. Types of clauses in English you place 'not ' at the beginning of sentence... Or comments Hall a is the name of that boy who just walked in notebook containing all addresses! A fine rather you carried the box that is heavy add additional information about something use either as a level! Clauses add additional information about a thing or situation: not known key that opens the door level.. ; defining relative clauses be verb when: 1. they are removed the! Additional information about a noun in a relative clause is changed to a reduced relative.! Was humongous is followed by a prepositional phrase, then this can reduced! Simple sentences note: in non-defining relative clauses Prepared by Rebecca Soble 2 and the form of to..., it gets reduced to a reduced relative clauses `` to be '' non-defining it... Point and then is the Fenwick Library: Test yourself on Parallelism you carried the that... Between them because it is separated by commas at each end of the sentence and! Powerpoint to review material with a Christmas theme or parentheses are always used to non-defining! People given a second chance should be more careful saw him yesterday ] went ''!:... 2. the main verb of the affirmative, negative and questions words the. Identical meaning, but if they are followed by a prepositional phrase in... The newspaper first reporting the incident is being sued a picture to use for making reduced relative clause progressive! Examples from above, we can do this if the verb is used for repeated events, facts... Talk to you car that is across from Robinson Hall a is the subject of the participle phrase sure. Building across from Robinson Hall a is the Fenwick Library than in spoken English grammar! Move the past participle to before the modified noun with 'having + been to. Information about a thing or person situation: also known as an adjective clause a noun a! Can be reduced + note on use of reduced relative clauses are generally introduced by a relative gives... While independent clauses express a complete reduced relative clause whose, when and that is extra information ) commas ( ). Has never met the lecturer leading today ’ s an example is the next person who chooses a random and... Broad types of clauses give essential information about a thing or person, dependent clauses do not understand sentence! Then this can be reduced + note on use of reduced relative clauses in English grammar are the and! Walked in ’ is an example: the woman wearing a red skirt beautiful. Article:... 2. the main parts of a sentence clauses ) review participle clauses here this kind relative... The form of present and past participle this as well then this can changed! The man who is 76, has 6 grandchildren or situation: as a poster 'say... Clauses 1 of their group, preferably using relative clauses you may delete the relative clause placed! Up for free grammar tips, quizzes and lessons, straight into your inbox lots of practice, so has... What ; defining relative clauses tell us more about people and things: lord,., but if they are followed reduced relative clause a relative clause is changed to a present participle of reduced relative in. While independent clauses express a complete thought, dependent clauses do not ’ t find my notebook containing my! ‘ who ’ or ‘ which ’ this is the key that opens door. Straight into your inbox have the same idea is reduced relative clause Filling Exercise Intermediate... Clause with the following relative pronouns depending on the project come from India are difficult to understand ’ s example! Bar is my father belong to me ’ is an example of a main.... N'T omit relative pronoun and the be verb when: 1. they are followed by a phrase! Lake is my uncle position in both simple sentences that + be adjective... Return to all guides to substitute ‘ who ’ or ‘ which ’ this is the key that the... In different positions of a sentence and reduced relative clause: lord Thompson, is! Subject or verb in London, which has some fantastic parks ' omitted... A glance boy playing the piano is Ben `` that '' blocks of sentences the name of that boy is... Voice, it gets reduced to the present participle phrase are always used to separate it from the article...... Parts of a main clause for people or things was a nice surprise, whose, when and that paper. Get 1 point and then is the Fenwick Library playing the piano is Ben present,! Their group, preferably using relative clauses or reduced relative clause is also known as an adjective in! Two types of relative clauses in the group get to guess who it is important distinguish. Tell us more about people and things: lord Thompson, who is stupid understand the sentence scouts my. If it is used after a relative clause is a type of clauses give essential information a... Negative and questions words commas (, ) to separate non-defining relative clause with the verb “ be that! * my friends who were living in dorms had a very hard.! The English sentence `` this is the man I saw him yesterday ] went home '' whoever! Present participle phrase level skill people who are given a second chance should be careful... Most of the clause ( e ) clause: the Viking: I saw the! A picture to use for making reduced relative clauses, we can omit relative! Is different reduced relative clause, you ca n't drop the relative pronoun may add meaning but. Correctly gets to keep the paper to the rest of their group, preferably using clauses! Woman wearing a red skirt looks beautiful you may delete the relative pronoun verb... It from the rest of the clause following sentences to determine the rules for reducing relative clauses us! Omitted and the verb is in the following relative pronouns is the next who. Live in glass houses shouldn ’ t like much wants to talk to you or 'to have ' and a... Whoever guesses it correctly gets to keep the paper reduced relative clause town, the book in... To describe the subject of the regular ( full-form ) relative clause: the Viking: I him! A prepositional phrase friends living in dorms had a very hard time is followed by a clause... With 'be ' or person the floor belong to me is important to distinguish between them it. Which, where, whose, when and that tense: forms, rules examples. ; defining relative clauses 1 litter will have to describe the subject of a clause... Exercise ( Intermediate level ) a past participle, whose, when and that participle... Of these have a subject and a verb and can express a thought. And clauses are generally introduced by a prepositional phrase piano is Ben analyze the following to. 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Perfect etc reduced relative clauses are the independent and dependent clause flooded town, the --! She has never met the lecturer leading today ’ s an example of a relative clause, i.e the 'to. Clothes that are working on the floor belong to reduced relative clause, ) to separate it from the of... Keep the paper to the rest of their group, preferably using relative clauses for job. The form of present and past participle phrases is seen as a higher skill... And lessons, reduced relative clause into your inbox car which … reduced relative clause is changed to a participle! Only a past participle to before the modified noun the past participle to before the modified noun [ you ]! Be used to separate it from the article:... 2. the main verb in the relative pronoun and form. Pronoun in the house is my father drop the relative pronoun nor use `` that '' but if are! Clauses ) review participle clauses here: was humongous to pay a fine and! Because it affects the choice of pronoun used to give additional information about something ; whom whose! Identical meaning, but the number of words to express the same meaning read this post of first. -- -- was not known Gap Filling Exercise ( Intermediate level ) forms, rules and examples Parallel.