Carved into the southern end of the Qumran plateau, cave 8 was excavated by archaeologists in 1957. Mit Flexionstabellen der verschiedenen Fälle und Zeiten Aussprache und … Major linguistic analysis by Cross and Avigad dates fragments from 225 BCE to 50 CE. [463] In partnership with the Ancient Biblical Manuscript Center and West Semitic Research, NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory successfully worked to expand on the use of infrared photography previously used to evaluate ancient manuscripts by expanding the range of spectra at which images are photographed. The Dead Sea Scrolls have been called the greatest manuscript discovery of modern times. The Jordan Museum, Amman, Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4. Galor, Katharina, Jean-Baptiste Humbert, and Jürgen Zangenberg. ; Psalm 2:1; Daniel 12:10; 11:32; Deuteronomy 33:8–11, 12, 19–21, Quotations from biblical passages with midrashic commentary, A list of quotations; Messianic Anthology or Testimonia, Genesis 6:3; 7:10–8:18; 9:24–27; 11:31; 15:9, 17, 17:20? [471] The digital photography project was estimated in 2011 to cost approximately 3.5 million U.S. [441] The black inks found on the scrolls that are made up of carbon soot were found to be from olive oil lamps. 48–51. The District Court of Jerusalem found in favor of Qimron in September 1993. [501] Unlike the text translations in the physical publication, Discoveries in the Judaean Desert, the texts are sorted by genres that include religious law, parabiblical texts, calendrical and sapiental texts, and poetic and liturgical works.[500]. 150 metres) from Khirbet Qumran, while caves 1, 2, 3 and 11 are located 1 mile (1–2 kilometres) North, with Cave 3 being the most remote. Scholars such as Norman Golb, publishers and writers such as Hershel Shanks, and many others argued for decades for publishing the texts, so that they become available to researchers. 6Q8, Copper plaque mentioning buried treasures, Genesis 8:20–21; Exodus 1–4; 5:3–17; 6:4–21,25; 7:5–13,15–20; 8:20–22; 9:8; 22:14; 27:38–39,42–43; 34:17–21, Fragments of Genesis on the Beginning of Creation. The Dead Sea Scrolls Translated comprises an extensive preface outlining the origin of the manuscripts and the aims of the translation. These extraordinary manuscripts appear to have been hidden in the caves at Qumran by the Essenes, a Jewish sect in existence before and during the time of Jesus. The discovery demonstrated the unusual accuracy of transmission over a thousand-year period, rendering it reasonable to believe that current Old Testament texts are reliable copies of the original works. Exodus - 17 Scrolls. The Temple Scroll, so called because more than half of it pertains to the construction of the Temple of Jerusalem, was found in Cave 11, and is by far the longest scroll. Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1. Cave 4 is the most famous of Qumran caves both because of its visibility from the Qumran plateau and its productivity. The Leon Levy Dead Sea Scrolls Digital Library offers an exceptional encounter with antiquity. The Story of the Dead Sea Scrolls. A&C Black, Nov 1, 1995 - Religion - 391 pages. They represent the remnants of larger manuscripts damaged by natural causes or through human interference, with the vast majority holding only small scraps of text. The remaining three letters comprise the word "light," which is added in verse 11, and does not affect the meaning greatly. [495], Of the first three facsimile sets, one was exhibited at the Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls exhibition in Seoul, South Korea, and a second set was purchased by the British Library in London. Tov's team had published five volumes covering the Cave 4 documents by 1995. Dead Sea apple [Calotropis procera, syn. [7], Most of the texts use Hebrew, with some written in Aramaic (for example the Son of God text; in different regional dialects, including Nabataean), and a few in Greek. [483] After a series of other publications in the late 1980s and early 1990s and with the appointment of the respected Dutch–Israeli textual scholar Emanuel Tov as Editor-in-Chief of the Dead Sea Scrolls Publication Project in 1990 publication of the scrolls accelerated. The Jordan Museum, Amman, Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4. List of manuscripts. The majority of the scrolls consist of tiny, brittle fragments, which were published at a pace considered by many to be excessively slow. A few lines are written in red ink, Deuteronomy 3:25–26; 4:13–17,31–32; 7:3–4; 8:1–5; 9:11–12, 17–19,29; 10:1–2,5–8; 11:2–4,9–13,18–19; 12:18–19,26,30–31; 13:5–7,11–12,16; 15:1–5,15–19; 16:2–3,5–11,20–17:7,15–18:1; 26:19— 27:2,24–28:14,18–20,22–25,29–30,48–50,61; 29:17–19; 31:16–19; 32:3, Deuteronomy 20:9–13; 21:23; 22:1–9; 23:6–8, 12–16, 22–26; 24:1, Deuteronomy 5:28–31; 11:6–13; 32:17–18, 22–23, 25–27, Deuteronomy 19: 8–16; 20: 6–19; 21:16; 23:22–26; 24:1–3; 25:19; 26:1–5, 18–19; 27:1, Deuteronomy 10:1,14–15; 28:67–68; 29:2–5; 31:12; 33:1–2; 34:4–6,8, Fragments of Deuteronomy about choosing Life or Death, Deuteronomy 2:8; 4:30–34; 5:1–5, 8–9; 28:15–18, 33–36, 47–52, 58–62; 29:22–25, Fragments of Deuteronomy about Loving God, Deuteronomy 7:2–7, 16–25; 11:28,30–12:1,11–12; 13:19; 14:19–22, 26–29; 15:5–6, 8–10; 19:2–3; 21:8–9; 22:3–6,12–15; 28:15–18, 20; 30:7–8; 32:2–8,10–11,13–14, 33–35; 33:2–8, 29; 34:1–2, Fragments of Deuteronomy about giving Tithes. Cave 4 was discovered in August 1952, and was excavated on 22–29 September 1952 by Gerald Lankester Harding, Roland de Vaux, and Józef Milik. Believed by some to be Mark 6:52–53, Very tiny unidentified fragments written on papyrus, Unidentified papyrus imprint. Also in Cave 11, an eschatological fragment about the biblical figure Melchizedek (11Q13) was found. 2, No. [18]:68[459][460][461] The photographs were taken with the scrolls laid out on animal skin, using large format film, which caused the text to stand out, making the plates especially useful for assembling fragments. Israel and the Dead Sea Scrolls (English Edition) The Deadest Sea (With Israel Birch) Beyond the Qumran Community: The Sectarian Movement of the Dead Sea Scrolls Original Totes Meer Reine Natürliche Schlamm Maske 450g Aus Israel By Mineral Beauty System. There are three types of documents relating to the Dead Sea Scrolls in which copyright status can be considered ambiguous; the documents themselves, images taken of the documents, and reproductions of the documents. As well as superb translations of all non-biblical texts sufficiently well preserved to be rendered into English, there are also a number of previously unpublished texts, and a new preface. Transitional: Hasmonean to Early Herodian, 12–15; 2:3–4; 3:12; 4:1–2; 5:6–7 (7–8); 7:2–3, 20; Nahum 1:7–9; 2:9–11; 3:1–3, 17; Habakkuk 2:4? Grossman, Maxine. [449], Nine tiny phylactery slips were rediscovered by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) in 2014, after they had been stored unopened for six decades following their excavation in 1952. Dead Sea Scrolls: What are They? Very tiny fragments written on papyrus, Genesis 17:12–13, 15, 18–19; 18:20–22, 24–25. None of the scrolls were destroyed in this process. [23], List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 6:[372][373], Cave 7 yielded fewer than 20 fragments of Greek documents, including 7Q2 (the "Letter of Jeremiah" = Baruch 6), 7Q5 (which became the subject of much speculation in later decades), and a Greek copy of a scroll of Enoch. Many of the exhibitions were co-sponsored by either the Jordanian government (pre-1967) or the Israeli government (post-1967). Numbers 3:40–43,50–51? A portion of the second discovered copy of the Isaiah scroll, 1QIsab. Several archaeologists have also accepted an origin of the scrolls other than Qumran, including Yizhar Hirschfeld[435] and more recently Yizhak Magen and Yuval Peleg,[436] who all understand the remains of Qumran to be those of a Hasmonean fort that was reused during later periods. Proverbs 13:6–9; 14:5–10, 12–13, 31–35; 15:1–8, 19–31; 7:9, 11? ; 4:1?,5–9,11–16; 3:39? [495], The facsimiles have since been exhibited in Qumrân. [18]:180 Listed below are the most represented books, along with the deuterocanonicals, of the Bible found among the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the number of translatable Dead Sea texts that represent a copy of scripture from each Biblical book:[513][514], The majority of the texts found among the Dead Sea Scrolls are non-biblical in nature and were thought to be insignificant for understanding the composition or canonization of the Biblical books, but a different consensus has emerged which sees many of these works as being collected by the Essene community instead of being composed by them. "The Qumran Essenes: Local Members of the Main Jewish Union in Late Second Temple Times." Almost all of the Dead Sea Scrolls are held by the state of Israel in the Shrine of the Book on the grounds of the Israel Museum, but ownership of the scrolls is disputed by Jordan and Palestine. According to The Dead Sea Scrolls by Hebrew scholar Millar Burrows, Of the 166 words in Isaiah 53, there are only seventeen letters in question. The Bedouin first took the scrolls to a dealer named Ibrahim 'Ijha in Bethlehem. Fragments of Isaiah, including elements on punishment (4Q67) and God's blessings for his people (4Q67, 4Q69a). The conditions caused mildew to develop on the scrolls and fragments, and some fragments were partially destroyed or made illegible by the glue and paper of the manila envelopes in which they were stored while in the vault. A majority of the collection from the Qumran caves was acquired by the Palestine Archaeological Museum. Charlesworth, James H. "The Theologies of the Dead Sea Scrolls." In 1947 the original seven scrolls caught the attention of Dr. John C. Trever, of the American Schools of Oriental Research (ASOR), who compared the script in the scrolls to that of the Nash Papyrus, the oldest biblical manuscript then known, and found similarities between them. 83–166 in. Dead Sea Scrolls synonyms, Dead Sea Scrolls pronunciation, Dead Sea Scrolls translation, English dictionary definition of Dead Sea Scrolls. Author: Publisher: Penguin UK ISBN: 0141197323 Size: 75.67 MB Format: PDF, ePub, Mobi View: 6527 Get Books. [10], Archaeologists have long associated the scrolls with the ancient Jewish sect called the Essenes, although some recent interpretations have challenged this connection and argue that priests in Jerusalem, or Zadokites, or other unknown Jewish groups wrote the scrolls.[11][12]. According to former chief editor of the DSS editorial team John Strugnell, there are at least four privately owned scrolls from Cave 11, that have not yet been made available for scholars. Some sixty years after the Scrolls' first discovery, this revised and much expanded edition of The Dead Sea Scrolls in English crowns a lifetime of research by the great Qumran scholar Geza Vermes. (30 March 1993) [Hebrew]. 22), Cave 5 was discovered alongside Cave 6 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Judean desert between 1947 and 1956 was one of the greatest archaeological finds of all time. The Digital Dead Sea Scrolls: Israel Museum, Jerusalem. This edition will contain new material, together with extensive new introductory material and notes. The edition is strictly limited to 49 numbered sets of these reproductions on either specially prepared parchment paper or real parchment. Examine high-resolution spectral images of manuscript fragments and browse scans of negatives (PAM) from the During early assembly and translation work by scholars through the Rockefeller Museum from the 1950s through the 1960s, access to the unpublished documents was limited to the editorial committee. These small fragments created somewhat of a problem for scholars. They composed the scrolls and ultimately hid them in the nearby caves during the Jewish Revolt sometime between 66 and 68 CE. 10 Scrolls containing fragments of all 12 of the "Minor Prophets" were found in Cave 4, although no fragment contains portions of more than three prophets. "[18]:32, Analysis of letter forms, or palaeography, was applied to the texts of the Dead Sea Scrolls by a variety of scholars in the field. The Biblical manuscripts found in Qumran, commonly known as the Dead Sea Scrolls (DSS), have prompted comparisons of the texts associated with the Hebrew Bible (including the Septuagint). [21] Cave 11 was discovered in 1956 and yielded the last fragments to be found in the vicinity of Qumran. Some sixty years after the Scrolls' first discovery, this revised and much expanded edition of The Dead Sea Scrolls in English crowns a lifetime of research by the great Qumran scholar Geza Vermes. [485] Officials at the Huntington Library in San Marino, California, led by Head Librarian William Andrew Moffett, announced that they would allow researchers unrestricted access to the library's complete set of photographs of the scrolls. Unquestionably, the "library," which is … As a consequence, that part of the collection remained in Jordanian hands under their Department of Antiquities. This ownership is contested by both Jordan and by the Palestinian Authority. A planned exhibition in Germany was cancelled, as the German government could not guarantee a return of the scrolls to Israel [1]. John C. Trever reconstructed the story of the scrolls from several interviews with the Bedouin. The Museum had the scrolls photographed by Najib Albina, a local Arab photographer trained by Lewis Larsson of the American Colony in Jerusalem,[458] Between 1952 and 1967, Albina documented the five-stage process of the sorting and assembly of the scrolls, done by the curator and staff of the Palestine Archaeological Museum, using infrared photography. 'Ijha returned them, saying they were worthless, after being warned that they might have been stolen from a synagogue. [14] The practice of storing worn-out sacred manuscripts in earthenware vessels buried in the earth or within caves is related to the ancient Jewish custom of Genizah. A unique Psalms scroll with only about a quarter of the Masoretic psalms (in atypical order), three Syriac psalms, one from Ben Sira, and the only known copies of three more unique psalms—Plea for Deliverance, Apostrophe to Zion, and Hymn to the Creator—all of which are unattested by other sources, as well as the short text of David's Compositions. 12, Pg More From. Since the end of 1996, when the text of The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English was sent to the printers, eighteen further tomes of manuscript material have appeared in the series Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (DJD). [489] The decision met Israeli and international criticism from copyright law scholars. These texts illustrate the vitality of the Hebrew language in ancient Judea. Religious Belief and Practice 3. 1Q32 ar, 11Q18 ar, Now known as part of the "Book of Giants". The main point of departure from the Qumran–Essene theory is hesitation to link the Dead Sea Scrolls specifically with the Essenes. [18]:68 He photographed three of the scrolls discovered in Cave 1 on 21 February 1948, both on black-and-white and standard color film. Change to Book/Chapter View: Previous Scroll: none: Scroll View: 1Q1 Genesis: Next Scroll: 2Q1 Genesis>> Status: 223 of 223 scrolls translated. 1. 1950s A list of known ownership of Dead Sea Scroll fragments: The official ownership of the Dead Sea Scrolls is disputed among the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, the State of Israel, and the Palestinian Authority. The Community 2. In 1993, the district court Judge Dalia Dorner ruled for the plaintiff, Elisha Qimron, in context of both United States and Israeli copyright law and granted the highest compensation allowed by law for aggravation in compensation against Hershel Shanks and others. Describes a tenth jubilee and portrays Melchizedek as a messianic agent of salvation, using similar language to that used for Jesus in, An account of the final eschatological battle of the Israelites and the Kittim (Romans), including a messianic figure named the "Prince of the Congregation.". By the end of 1948, nearly two years after their discovery, scholars had yet to locate the original cave where the fragments had been found. Some sixty years after the Scrolls' discovery, this revised and expanded volume crowns a lifetime of research by Vermes. [1][2] The texts have great historical, religious, and linguistic significance because they include the second-oldest known surviving manuscripts of works later included in the Hebrew Bible canon, along with deuterocanonical and extra-biblical manuscripts which preserve evidence of the diversity of religious thought in late Second Temple Judaism. They also include four of the deuterocanonical books included in Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Bibles: Tobit, Sirach, Baruch 6 (also known as the Letter or Epistle of Jeremiah), and Psalm 151. How to read these pages: • The translation to the left is based on the World English Bible. [431] Karl Heinrich Rengstorf first proposed that the Dead Sea Scrolls originated at the library of the Jewish Temple in Jerusalem. Qumran–Sectarian theories are variations on the Qumran–Essene theory. Deuteronomy 20:2–5; Numbers 10:9, 24:17–19; "Liturgical Prayers" or "Festival Prayers", This fragment may belong to 2Q7; possibly = Leviticus 23:1–3, Doubtfully identified fragments: 13:22; 32:24–25; 48:2–4, 41–42, Exodus 1:7; Genesis 50:26, 22 (different order). Samuel–Kings apocryphon. It is now 26.7 feet (8.15 m) long. [citation needed]. On 11 April 1948, Millar Burrows, head of the ASOR, announced the discovery of the scrolls in a general press release. [510][511] The Dead Sea Scrolls contain parts of all but one of the books of the Tanakh of the Hebrew Bible and the Old Testament protocanon. This edition will contain new material, together with extensive new introductory material and notes. Eisenman also argued that the careers of James the Just and Paul the Apostle correspond to events recorded in some of these documents.[430]. Scholarly consensus dates these scrolls from the last three centuries BCE and the first century CE. pp. : Asclepias procera, Asclepias gigantea] Fettblattbaum {m} As well as superb translations of all non-biblical texts sufficiently well preserved to be rendered into English, there are also a number of previously unpublished texts, and a new preface. With unrest in the country at that time, no large-scale search could be undertaken safely. [446], The Dead Sea Scrolls that were found were originally preserved by the dry, arid, and low humidity conditions present within the Qumran area adjoining the Dead Sea. [23], Cave 6 was discovered alongside Cave 5 in 1952, shortly after the discovery of Cave 4. Almost all of the Dead Sea Scrolls collection is currently owned by Israel, and housed in the Shrine of the Book on the grounds of the Israel Museum. The Complete Dead Sea Scrolls in English by Geza Vermes-Paperback by Geza Vermes 'Probably the most important archaeological find in history ... Vermes' translations are a standard in the field' Los Angeles Times The discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls in the Judaean desert between 1947 and 1956 was one of the greatest finds of all time. Dated 1952 and 1960. List of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 11: Cave 12 was discovered in February 2017 on cliffs west of Qumran, near the northwestern shore of the Dead Sea. [428] This theory was falsified in the year 2000 by paleographic analysis of the particular fragment. There are four Aramaic fragmentary texts of Tobit, and one Hebrew text. [6], Biblical texts older than the Dead Sea Scrolls have been discovered only in two silver scroll-shaped amulets containing portions of the Priestly Blessing from the Book of Numbers, excavated in Jerusalem at Ketef Hinnom and dated c. 600 BCE; some scholars also include the controversial Shapira Scroll. Fragments of Psalms, including elements on putting one's hope in God (4Q98d), the earth shaking at the presence of God (4Q98e), the blessings of God's Children and the struggle of the wicked (4Q98f). PENGUIN BOOKS THE COMPLETE DEAD SEA SCROLLS IN ENGLISH Geza Vermes was born in Hungary in 1924. [422] These fragments have therefore been designated to the temporary "X" series. [18] Early attempts made by both the British and Israel Museums to remove the adhesive tape ended up exposing the parchment to an array of chemicals, including "British Leather Dressing," and darkening some of them significantly. At some point during this time, the Community Rule was split in two. The Dead Sea Scrolls (also the Qumran Caves Scrolls) are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts that were found in the Qumran Caves in the Judaean Desert, near Ein Feshkha on the northern shore of the Dead Sea in the West Bank. [408], Lists of groups of fragments collected from Wadi Qumran Cave 7:[372][373]. [471] The lead photographer of the project, Ardon Bar-Hama, and his team are utilizing the Alpa 12 MAX camera accompanied with a Leaf Aptus-II back in order to produce ultra-high resolution digital images of the scrolls and fragments. Edh-Dhib's cousin noticed the caves, but edh-Dhib himself was the first to actually fall into one (the cave now called Cave 1). These words are supplied for readability by the World English Bible translation. Joshua 8:34–35; 5:?,2–7; 6:5–10; 7:12–17; 8:3–14, 18? Four more letters are minor stylistic changes, such as conjunctions. During a portion of the conflict during the 1956 war waged by Israel, Britain and France against Egypt, the scrolls collection of the Palestine Archaeological Museum was stored in the vault of the Ottoman Bank in Amman, Jordan. The final volume, Volume XL, was published in 2009. Some scholars have argued that the scrolls were the product of Jews living in Jerusalem, who hid the scrolls in the caves near Qumran while fleeing from the Romans during the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 CE. [443], The Dead Sea scrolls were written on parchment made of processed animal hide known as vellum (approximately 85.5–90.5% of the scrolls), papyrus (estimated at 8.0–13.0% of the scrolls), and sheets of bronze composed of about 99.0% copper and 1.0% tin (approximately 1.5% of the scrolls). [439] The same fragments were later analyzed using radiocarbon dating and were dated to an estimated range of 385 BCE to 82 CE with a 68% accuracy rate. The Dead Sea Scrolls, in the narrow sense of Qumran Caves Scrolls are a collection of some 981 different texts discovered between 1946 and 1956 in eleven caves in the immediate vicinity of the ancient settlement at Khirbet Qumran in the West Bank, The caves are located about two kilometres (1.2 miles) inland from the northwest shore of the Dead Sea, from which they derive their name. [405][406][407] Cave 7 also produced several inscribed potsherds and jars. The project is scheduled for completion within five years. Cave 11 also produced a copy of Jubilees, and a proto-Masoteric text of the Torah scroll (only a fragment of the Book of Leviticus surviving), known as the Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll. [524] On 1 July 1954, the scrolls, after delicate negotiations and accompanied by three people including the Metropolitan, arrived at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel in New York. The Jordan Museum, Amman, Dead Sea Scrolls at the Jordan Museum in Amman, Strips of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll at the Jordan Museum, from Qumran Cave 3, 1st century CE, Strip 11 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum, Strip 15 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum, Strip 13 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum, Strips 1 and 2 of the Copper Dead Sea Scroll, from Qumran Cave 3, Jordan Museum, Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman, Dead Sea Scroll 109, Qohelet or Ecclesiastes, from Qumran Cave 4, at the Jordan Museum in Amman, Dead Sea Scroll, Pesher Isaiah, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman, Detail, Dead Sea Scroll 175, Testimonia, from Qumran Cave 4, the Jordan Museum in Amman, Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman, Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, the Jordan Museum in Amman, Part of Dead Sea Scroll 28a from Qumran Cave 1, at the Jordan Museum in Amman, Dead Sea Scroll fragment 5/6HEV PS found in the Cave of Letters at Nahal Hever, There has been much debate about the origin of the Dead Sea Scrolls. I would download a little book here and another there. Between 1953 and 1956, Roland de Vaux led four more archaeological expeditions in the area to uncover scrolls and artifacts. A previous version of this story misidentified when the scroll's authors lived in the desert and the language most of the Dead Sea Scrolls were written in. Fragments of Genesis about the beginning to early mankind. ; 18:31–32 (with Deuteronomy 13:16, 17; 20:11, 14); 22:10–12; 28:3–4; 36:12; 49:3–4, 10 (with Jeremiah 33:17), 20–21. Magen, Yizhak, and Yuval Peleg, "Back to Qumran: Ten years of Excavations and Research, 1993–2004," in The Site of the Dead Sea Scrolls: Archaeological Interpretations and Debates (Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah 57), Brill, 2006 (pp. [426] The Qumran–Essene theory holds that the scrolls were written by the Essenes, or by another Jewish sectarian group, residing at Khirbet Qumran. Yigael Yadin as `` the Qumran site and the Scrolls, with a partial transcription. 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